If you have already clicked through, refresh the page. The other directories that we will explore in the simulator are read-only and un-editable.Ĭlick through to the linux simulator (which opens in a new window) if you haven't done so already. Instead, we will be working from the "root" subfolder. In the online simulator, we are not assigned a user account in the home directory. Online linux simulator directory structure Within the linux simulator we'll be using, the directory structure looks like this: Other directories are created below the root directory - typically, you will find a "bin" directory, which contains binary files required for commands and processes like those we'll cover next, as well as a "tmp" directory for temporary files, and directories like "home" that contain information for individual users. The root directory is the top level, and is denoted by a slash (/). The rest of the tutorial will introduce you to the file structures in Unix, how to navigate them, and how to use many common commands and programs to efficiently perform the work you need to accomplish.Ĭommand Line Environment Directory Structure and NavigationĮverything in a Unix environment spreads outward from a single "root" directory, much like a tree trunk and its branches. Additionally, you can then list the photos in the directory, rename them one at a time or all at once, move them to other directories or even other computers, or much more - all by just typing a few characters. # cd /docs/personal/photos/2015/marchĪlthough you can't see your photos as icons here, the computer is performing exactly the same actions as you did by clicking on all those folders. In Unix, you'd simply type the following at the command line to perform the same task: "cd /docs/personal/photos/2015/march". Typical PC desktop environment showing folder structure How do you get into March 2015's photo area? Easy - you keep clicking on or touching the appropriate folder, until it opens the next, and then the next folders until you can see March 2015 - then you click on it. Let's say you have "personal" and "schoolwork" subfolders in there, and that inside your personal folder you have a subfolder with your photos from 2015, and that they're arranged into monthly subfolders. Suppose you have a folder called "docs" on your personal computer, phone or stored in a cloud somewhere. When the copying is finished, the shell returns you to the prompt and awaits more commands. The shell will search for the program "cp" and then tell the kernel to run that program on If you want to copy a file named "file1" and name the copy "file2", you would enter "cp file1 file2" at the command line. One example of how the shell and kernel work together is copying a file. All shells support similar basic functions. For example, the "csh" shell listed in the image above is called "C shell" and has syntax similar to the C programming language. There are several different shells, and syntax and shortcuts vary between them. The commands that you enter are programs themselves, so once the work is done, the command line will return to a prompt and await further input. The shell is an interface that interprets the command line input and calls the necessary programs to do the work. The kernel ingests user input via the shell and accesses the hardware to perform things like memory allocation and file storage. The kernel and shell are the heart and soul of the operating system. Unix architecture, from general user applications you'd find on any desktop computer down through the command line and to the central hardware Unix is made up of 3 main parts: the kernel, the shell, and user commands and applications.
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